Basic Telescope Physical and Optical Characteristics Essay -- physics

Here you will find a variety of information on the optical characteristics of various types of telescopes as well as some of the basic underlying physics behind them. This includes some information that pertains to the preformance degredation of a telescope optical system (for instance, vignetting and air turbulance) and a few concepts of mirror design (the parabolic shape and over/under correction of the primary mirror). I'd recommend starting with the "Optical Paths" section so you can familiarize yourself with some of the basic types and concepts of several of the widely used telescope designs before reading the other sections. Optical Paths of Various Types of Telescopes Here is one of the most interesting parts of astronomy and star gazing: the equipment. There are four different types of basic telescope designs that are in use today. One of these, perhaps the most widely known, is the Refractor. The refracting telescope was first utilized for astronomy by Galileo Galilei in 1609, but it was invented by the German Dutch lens maker named Hans Lippershey in 1608 (Zoom Inventors and Inventions). There are also three other types of common telescopes. These include the Shmidt Cassegrain, Maksutov Cassegrain, and the Newtonian Reflector. In terms of design, they all have different advantages and disadvantages (including cost considerations) that have to be taken into account if one were to decide on a particular design to purchase. Ultimately, the physics behind the the different designs will have an effect in influencing a purchasing decision. But before the four different designs are discussed with greater detail, a few technical terms must be introduce d and defined. Central Obstruction - Refers to the secondary mirror ... ...ope Basics. 18 Nov. 2002 Freudenrich, Craig. How Telescopes Work. How Stuff Works. 18 Nov. 2002 ACEPT W3 Group. The Refraction of Light Part II. 14 Dec. 1999. 18 Nov. 2002 Vignetting Caused by the Limiting Aperature of Various Tubes and Adapters. 18 Nov. 2002 Marvelde, Arjan. A 10'' Newton Telescope. 17 Nov. 2002 VandeWettering, Mark. Telescope Basics. 18 Nov. 2002 The Meade UHTC Group. 19 Nov. 2002

I’M Not Scared Questions Essay

1. Read Niccolo Ammaniti’s epigraph by Jack London. Why has Ammaniti chosen to begin his novel with his novel with this quote? How does it illuminate what happens in the story? What is the literal and symbolic meaning in the novel about â€Å"falling into darkness†? Niccolo Ammaniti had chosen to start his novel with an epigraph by Jack London, this foreshadows that we’re going to read about a journey of discovering real evil and the loss of innocence. â€Å"He had fallen into darkness† the literal meaning of this part is Michele had fallen into a hole which is dark . The symbolic meaning is, he had stumbled into evil. 2. The novel opens with the scene in which Michele must choose between winning a race and helping his sister Maria. what conflicts and choices does this moment foreshadow? What is revealed about Michele’s character? The novel opens with the scene in which Michele contemplates between winning a race or helping his sister Maria. Michele choices to help his sister, this moment foreshadows the choices Michele must face. When Michele is confronted with Barbara pulling down her pants as a forfeit. Only Michele stands up for Barbara and tells Skull its not right. â€Å"Wait! I came last: I heard my voice saying†. This reveals to the reader that Michele is brave, compassionate and has self-respect. Michele is also very caring and protective of his sister † I didn’t like my sister being there†. 3. How does Ammaniti create and capture the atmosphere of childhood in his novel? What aspects of Michele’s way of seeing himself and the world indictate that he is a child? Ammaniti shows childhood through the eyes of Michele this is evident with the children’s gang’s mischievous and forfeits; this shows their concern and their innocence’s â€Å"Maria, you’ve made me lose the race!† the naive theories of the boy in the hole â€Å"Maybe the boy in the hole was my brother†¦. my sister and me†. Also the belief of ‘Monsters’ ‘Ogres’ and ‘Witches’ show us he is a young innocence child. 4. The novel is written twenty-one years later as Michele reflects back on the events of the summer of 1978. how can we tell this is true? What assumptions can be made in regards to how Michele’s life changes after that summer? The novel is written 21 years later we can tell this true when Michele says â€Å"Even after twenty-two years â€Å". Another indication that this is true is when he digresses about going to the snow.†About ten years later I happened to go skiing on the Gran Sasso†. This digression also suggest that he had left Acqua-Teverse, is better off, other assumptions that can be made are: The parents of the kidnapping would be sent to jail, The children of Acqua-Teverse would be traumatised. 5. Why does Michele identify with Filippo so strongly? Michele’s ability to empathise with Filippo was so strong because they both share the same pain of losing their innocence; Michele finding out his father is the real evil and Filippo been treated inhumanely and kidnapped. Their both young nine year old boys who share the same interests. 6. At one point Michele’s father tells him to â€Å"Stop all this talk about monsters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Monsters don’t exist. Its men you should be afraid of, not monsters†.(page49) In what ways does the novel itself prove the statement to be true? This statement is ironic coming from Pino Michele’s father â€Å"It’s men you should be afraid of† is wise advice to Michele but he learns its the hard way. Its his father who is the ‘Monster’ that kidnapped Filippo and was prepared to murder Filippo. 7. In the games they play and their behaviour towards one another, how do Michele and his group of friends , compare to the adults in the novel? In what way does Michele possess an integrity that the adults and even the other children lack? The actions and behaviours of the children’s gang is minored more seriously by the adult gang in many ways like the children’s gang: do forfeits to decide the fate compared to the adults gang the solider’s draw to deal with Filippo. The bulling and torment is instigated by Skull this is also minored by the adults with Sergio bulling the rest of the adults. The children impaled a chicken and the adults treated Filippo inhumanely. Michele was the only person to help Barbara when she was tormented by Skull, he was the only one to care about Filippo even when Salvatore was told about him, his reaction was cold and wasn’t compassionate at all about the situation. They treated Filippo inhumanely and Michele was the only one that possess integrity and a kind heart. 8. What motivates the kidnappers? (Sergio, Felice & Pino) How do they betray their own children’s innocence? The motivation of the kidnap by the instigatored by Pino, Sergio and Felice. The reason for Pino is poverty: seeing the north while working as a truck driver this is evident when he bring a gondolas that represents his desire to live a fulfilled and materialistic life for himself and his family â€Å"Let’s go to the north†. He didn’t protect Michele’s and Maria’s innocence he held a child hostage and lost his child’s admiration. Sergio was involved in the kidnapping to fulfil his urge to go to Brazil â€Å"Had emigrated to South America†. Pino betrayed Michele by letting a criminal to slept next to Michele and didn’t protect him from danger. Felice was motivated by boredom he was a young man stuck in a isolation village woman less. He was cruel to Michele’s friend Filippo. 9. When Michele is running in the night to try to find Filippo, he fights off his fear by asking himself what Tiger Jack, a fictional hero, would do (page 196) What is so sad about this self talk? We’re introduced to a young boy Michele who admires his father like a hero . He loved his father, his father was his role model but when he discovers his evil side. Instead of been of his aspiration, the fictional hero Tiger Jack takes over and find him courage. This is so sad because it should have been his father and this shows the relationship is lost. 10. Why does Michele break his oath to his father and visit Filippo?(page 178) What is the â€Å"irresistible† force dragging him towards the hill? Micheles relationship with Filippo seems stronger then the relationship with his father. He should have kept his oath to his father, instead he kept the promise to Filippo this is evidence of that Michele isn’t as naive as he was . Michele was extracted an oath that Michele doesn’t keep. His conscience overrides and the hill is the irresistable force that pulls him to Filippo he saves himself and Filippo. 11. â€Å"I’m Not Scared† ends suddenly and dramatically: often such a climatic moment is followed by an extract in which the story’s loose ends are tied. why had Ammaniti chosen to end the novel this way? Niccolo Ammaniti has chosen to finish the novel at the climatic moment of the story because the reader can imagine the aftermath we have enough information to assump Michele didn’t died and Filippo is saved. When the novel is ended this way its evidence of reflection. In our minds we can fulfil our expectations. 12. Ammaniti’s novel can be described as a â€Å"coming of age story†. At what point does Michele grow up? What â€Å"hardness† about the adult world does he learn? â€Å"I’m Not Scared† is described as a â€Å"coming of age story† Michele loses his innocence and loses his childish ways when he discovers Filippo the boy in the hole he had experienced the truth behind the real world the isolation hadn’t protected him, his parents hadn’t protected him they betrayed him. This experience accelerated his maturity level, he learnt the real evil and ‘Monsters’ ‘Ogres’ ‘Witches’ didn’t exist they weren’t what he should have been afraid of it should been his father that’s what was so hard for Michele to swallow

Deterrence Theory And The Criminal Justice Field Essay

Introduction Deterrence can be defined as an act of threat to prevent another party from certain actions. Deterrence theory is based upon a belief that citizens choose to obey or violate the law after determining the advantages and disadvantages of their actions (Paternoster, 2010). Deterrence, in the criminal justice field, dissuades individuals from criminal activity and from continuing to live a life of crime after committing the first criminal like act (Dutton, 2014). Law enforcement provides sanctions in the form of imprisonment, probation and fines (Paternoster, 2010). In the United States, a practical example of deterrence, when a law enforcement officer writes a traffic ticket to those who speed. The points and the fines that come along with the ticket are a deterrent against citizen’s defying the law. Deterrence theory is applied in two basic types of application, general and specific (Nagin, 2013). General deterrence is designed to prevent crime in the general popula tion (Nagin, 2013). Specific deterrence, focusing on the individual criminal, deters those from violating law or maintaining a life of crime in the future. Punishment of citizens by law enforcement, acts as deterrence for the general population, those who have not yet engaged in criminal activity. The horrors of sanctions serve as a prevention tool in the omission of crime. Years ago public punishments, such as death viewings, were conducted to deter criminal activity within a community. CorporalShow MoreRelatedCriminology Theories and Capital Crimes1182 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology Theories and Capital Crimes: As part of the distinct aspects of criminal justice policy, the different criminology theories have significant impacts on the criminal justice system. The different theories of crime are used to explain criminal justice policy and the criminal justice system. 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Cohen sees this task to be outside the capabilities of the justice system. The myriad of components that lead an individual to crime whether they are economic, psychological or otherwise, is too complex for the justice system to be able to grok fully. CohenRead MoreStudy Guide/Outline Chapter 11435 Words   |  6 Pages 12. Define the theories of specific and general deterrence. CHAPTER OVERVIEW The purpose of this chapter is to create a foundation of history and theory, so that as current policies and practices are described, students can link those to theories and goals, in order to critically consider the overall effectiveness and public value of correctional policy. In this chapter, students receive an overview of what corrections is, how it links to the rest of the criminal justice system, and why itRead MoreJustice and Moral Development925 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of justice is something that helps to guide most individuals in that they believe in this concept to make a loss better. Many individuals will see law enforcement agencies, especially the officers that work for an agency, to be the tool that will be used to garner their justice. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development theory can help to explain criminal behavior in that a criminal that acts out for a particular reason will not be able to understand the stages that are beyond the oneRead MoreL abeling Theory And Its Effect On The Individual1233 Words   |  5 Pages1) The labeling theory basically categorize individuals who breaks the laws or commit crime. The purpose of the labeling is to cause social humiliation so the individual want commit the crime again. Labels are placed on individuals who commit crime to reduce repeat offenses. A person of prestige that has a high ranking social class is the individual that usually determines how labels are applied. Labeling theory can have a negative effect on the individual who is categorized, the individual is moreRead MoreThe Great Fire Of 19141339 Words   |  6 Pagesto observe the Point area and provide an overview of routine activities theory, rational choice, deterrence theory, and describe how these theories are interrelated. We also have to use rational choice theory to discuss how the conditions I observed in the Point may increase criminal opportunities for motivated offenders, and also propose two ways to improve t he environment of the Point to increase guardianship. Most criminals who commit a crime or do drugs are living in an environment that does not

Essay about The Evolution of Federalism - 981 Words

The Evolution of Federalism American federalism has changed drastically since its genesis. In 1776 the thirteen colonies adopted the Articles of Confederation in order to coordinate their efforts in the war for independence. The Articles of Confederation bound the states together in two main aspects; foreign and military affairs. The Articles of Confederation worked well while all the states had a common cause. However, as soon as the war ended and interests began to change, it became obvious that the Articles were not enough. This brings on the creation of Federalism (Reinventing American Federalism). In May of 1787, in the city of Philadelphia, delegates from all thirteen states met in order to â€Å"create a more perfect†¦show more content†¦The Supreme Court allowed this expanded role of federalism, and has allowed the federal government to create its own boundaries ever since in many areas including racial segregation (Brown vs. Board of Education), which gave the federal government powers that were originally assumed by the states (Reinventing American Federalism). Perhaps the greatest example of this took place on June 11th, 1963 when President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard, and forced Alabama’s Governor Wallace to step aside and allow Vivian Malone and James Hood, two black students, to register at the University of Alabama. The federal government overturned a decision made by the state (Simon). Cooperative federalism began to fade away with Johnson’s Great Society program. This program often enacted grant-in-aid programs that the states were not interested in, or were opposed to. The grant-in-aid policies not only affected a few state programs, but now affected many city programs as well. Causing many people to argue that the federal government was taking on a much bigger role than it was intended to. Reagan, during his administration fought to decrease the far-reaching policies of the federal government. He increased defense spending, social security payments and tax cuts, causing less money to be spent on grant-in-aid programs. The trend set by Reagan has been carried on throughout the more recent administrations. The role of the state andShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Federalism990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of the Constitution American federalism has changed drastically since its genesis. In 1776 the thirteen colonies adopted the Articles of Confederation in order to coordinate their efforts in the war for independence. 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Assignment 2 Operations Decision Essay - 914 Words

Operating Decision ECO 550 Briefly describe the details of the fictitious business that you created for this assignment. Allentown Manufacturing Company is a family owned business that manufactures cardboard boxes. Currently, the company has a manpower rate of 100 workers that work 20 out of a month. The company has been able to last through some of the toughest economic times, but recently the AMC’s fixed cost is â€Å"high enough†, and their total costs are exceeding their total revenue. Assess the current environmental scan factors that are relevant to the decision making process. Determine the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. Provide a†¦show more content†¦Evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term and how each factor influences managerial decisions. Be sure to show the calculations that helped you reach your conclusions. The total revenue is the output multiplied by the number of units produced per month: TR=$32*6,000 TR= $192,000 The monthly wages for the worker are the number of workers multiplied by the daily wage multiplied by the number of days worked in each month: 100*$70*20= $140,000 The total variable cost is daily variable input multiplied by the number of days worked in a month: TVC=$2000*20 TVC= $40,000 Recommend how the company can improve its profitability to deliver more value to its stakeholders. Then, develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Allentown Manufacturing Company can improve its profitability in a variety of ways, such as expanding into new markets sectors, or developing new products or services. 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Hammurabis Code Compared to Us Today Essay Sample free essay sample

Although our society today may desire to be under a stricter regulation of behavior. the Torahs we are under today are shaped to suit us in the best manner. A Babylonian papers. Hammurabi’s Code of Laws. consists of a set of Torahs enforced to train people. The Torahs are most based on societal categories in which people were in. For illustration in The Code. one of the jurisprudence provinces. â€Å"If he be a freewoman. he ( the doctor ) shall have five boodles. † Basically intending if he be a slave. or lower category adult male. he will non be paid if done a physician’s occupation. But he was a known doctor and isn’t a freewoman. he’d be paid five boodles. So are we better off with our present set of Torahs? Or is it in the best involvement for our society to follow Hammurabi’s Code? We are better off with our set of Torahs we have today. We will write a custom essay sample on Hammurabis Code Compared to Us Today Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the fact that our Torahs today isn’t based on societal categories nor’ genders. Our set of Torahs today gives subject to all those that choose to non obey to them. Another jurisprudence in Hammurabi’s Code is â€Å"If a adult female conveying about the decease of her hubby for the interest of another adult male. they shall transfix her. † And it’s a inquiry what would go on if a adult male was in this state of affairs. Would he be put to decease? Because in this jurisprudence is provinces â€Å"†¦If a adult males married woman becomes afflicted with disease. and if he wants to take another married woman. he may†¦but she shall stay in the house which he has built and he shall keep her every bit long as she lives† This is stating if a mans married woman is ill he may look for another. but must take attention of her for the remainder of her life. Yet the adult male isn’t put to decease for fundamentally go forthing his original married woman for another. She didn’t perish. but being ill plenty. for person to go forth you. is merely like being murdered on the interior. 1. 2 million violent offenses were committed in the US in 2010 harmonizing to the FBI national statistics. That’s a high figure for offenses committed. but the penalty for those lawbreakers is appropriate for their state of affairss. If a adult male took an oculus out of another adult male his oculus likely wasn’t taken out but most likely life in prison. Wounds heal. but prison is everlastingly. In 2009 the US had about the same figure of offense committed. Laws aren’t traveling to halt people from making what they merely have the impulse to make. Hammurabi’s Code scared people in different ways but that didn’t stop people from making what they thought is right. A batch of society’s want justness. and have pride. They have pride in what they do and the effects they face. they will confront with award. For illustration. if adult male truly did believe another adult male is accused with a capital offense. he will travel to test against him to acquire justness. But if it comes down to it that the accuser is incorrect. he. the accuser. is put to decease. The US belongings offense statistic dropped from 9. 8 million to 8. 9 million harmonizing a United states offense statistic study. And once more it’s in those people sentiment to make what they want. even though it’s non right. Peoples know the effect of making a offense. and doing it harsher won’t panic everyone. There’s a jurisprudence in Hammurabi’s Code that has to make with belongings and such. It states. â€Å"If any one bargain the belongings of a temple or of a tribunal. he shall be put to decease. and besides the 1 who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to decease. † Meaning if a adult male bargain from someone’s belongings and gives that point to another. both shall be put to decease. That jurisprudence may non be fair in some instances. That individual that received the point may non hold known of the larceny. but was put to decease merely because of the other man’s incorrect making. The unfairness of Hammurabi’s Code and the manner each codification of behavior is directed to a specific individual or societal category isn’t right. Making a certain offense should intend every societal category. every gender. and everyone making that offense should be punished in the same manner. But sometimes Hammurabi’s Code consists of holding a higher societal category individual acquiring benefits a lower category individual wouldn’t get. Like the codification mentioned earlier. â€Å"If he be a freewoman. he ( the doctor ) shall have five boodles. † If a low category adult male has the same endowments as a high category adult male he should be treated the same. Certain people could acquire away with things under Hammurabi’s Code of Laws. If that codification wasnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t directed towards a adult male than a adult females can perpetrate it and who knows what her effect would be. Or even if she receives a effect. All these decisions shows merely how and why the United states is better off with our present set of Torahs.

Notes free essay sample

Rent will be $1,200, and he wants it no later than the first day of the month. He will only accept cashiers checks, cash, or money orders for payment. The checks should be payable to him, and mailed to 175 Hollywood Avenue, Cherry Hills, New Jersey 08034. He needs the first month rent before Carrie moves in. If she pays rent after the tenth day of the month, she owes an extra $50. Lease term 2) The lease will be for a year starting on January 3, 2009, the move-in date. If she wants to renew It, Ross needs notice mailed to him In New Jersey, 30 days before the lease ends. Renewal is not automatic. Security Deposit 3) Renter needs to pay a $1 ,800 security deposit before he/she can move into the apartment. It will be refunded. But if he/she owes past-due rent, terminates the lease early. has unpaid utilities after leaving. or damages the apartment and It needs to be fixed, he/she cant get her money back. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Important: Make sure that you conspicuously ndicate to renter that he/she must give me a forwarding address in writing to send her deposit within 4 days after he/she moves. No Businesses 4) The apartment Is strictly for living. no businesses allowed. Subleasing and Assigning 5) No subleasing or assigning the lease is allowed. Maintenance 6) Renter has to do ordinary routine maintenance Ilke replacing the outside light bulbs, taking out the trash, mowing the lawn, trimming the hedges, and removing weeds. But this list is not inclusive, there could be more things added. Pets 7) No pets, unless Landlord says in writing. Parking 8) Renter has to park her car in her spot and the guests need to park in the Guest 9) No overnight guests for longer than 7 consecutive days unless Ross agrees in writing. If more people move in, they need to be on the lease. Agreement 10) This is the only agreement that has been made, and its final. 1 1) No other agreements have been made and no changes can be made to the agreement unless Landlord and Renter both agree in writing.